国内航运网络：亚洲航空公司的安全保障

COVID-19疫情危机表明，在全球各地拥有多样化的运输网络虽然是件好事，但在国际客运量受到重创时，强大的国内运输业务才是航空公司的巨大优势。关于不同方式的好处和局限性，亚太地区提供了许多这方面的案例。

The COVID-19 crisis shows that while it is good to have a globally diverse network, a strong domestic operation is a major advantage for carriers when a shock disrupts international traffic flows. The Asia-Pacific region provides case studies of the benefits and limitations of different approaches.

新加坡航空（SIA）和国泰航空就是完全依赖国际网络、严重依赖于通过枢纽连通国际市场的典型实例。起初，这两家航空公司的业务都受到了影响，因为它们飞往中国大陆的航线相对较多，而中国大陆则是第一个遭受此次疫情影响的地区。随后，由于旅行限令的逐步收紧，飞往其他国际市场的航线业务也渐次关停。

Singapore Airlines (SIA) and Cathay Pacific are examples of airlines that rely exclusively on international networks, and lean heavily on connecting international markets via their hubs. At first both carriers were hurt due to their relatively high number of routes to mainland China, which was the first market affected. Then other international markets were progressively closed off due to tightening travel

日本航空（JAL）、全日空（ANA）和韩亚航空（Korean Air）等航空公司都将国际联运作为其战略的重要组成部分。不过，与国泰和新航不同的是，这些航空公司还有国内航运网络。COVID-19新冠病毒疫情爆发以来，由于国内业务萎缩的幅度远远小于国际服务，它们的国内航运业务显得更加重要。

Japan Airlines (JAL), All Nippon Airways  (ANA) and Korean Air are other examples of airlines that focus on international connecting traffic as key parts of their strategies. However, unlike Cathay and SIA, these carriers also have domestic networks. And their domestic operations have taken on greater importance since the COVID-19 outbreak began, as they have shrunk far less than international services.

印尼鹰航是另一家国内客座率通常高于国际客座率的航空公司，其在2019年的国内客座率是国际客座率的三倍。该航空公司指出，其覆盖许多岛屿的广泛国内航运网络，使其相对于其他更依赖航空枢纽的航空公司具有显著优势。

Garuda Indonesia is another carrier that typically has more domestic seats than international—by a factor of three in 2019. The airline has noted that its extensive domestic network, spread over many islands, gives it an advantage versus other carriers more reliant on hubs.

澳大利亚的航空公司在COVID-19疫情爆发期间也有明显的优势，因为它们拥有广泛的国内航运网络，在国际航运业务关停后仍在运营。但是，由于澳洲联邦政府和各州政府加强了对国内旅行的限制，它们的国内航运业务也大幅下降。

Airlines based in Australia also had a distinct advantage when COVID-19 struck due to their broad domestic networks, which remained in operation after international services were shut down. However, their domestic services have now also been dramatically cut back as the federal and state governments tighten restrictions on local travel.

就在3月13日，维珍澳洲航空表示，其在一定程度上“不受”国际航运市场业务下滑的影响，因为其业务“主要是国内航运”，78%的收入来自这部分业务。不过，疫情爆发以来，该航空公司被迫关停了90%的国内航运业务。

As recently as March 13, Virgin Australia said it was “insulated” to some extent from the international market decline, since it is a “predominantly domestic airline” with 78% of its revenue from that part of the business. Since then, however, it has been forced to suspend 90% of its domestic capacity.

在国内航运业务下滑和恢复方面，中国似乎远远领先于其他国家。尽管中国市场的国际航运业务仍处于低迷状态，但中国市场的国内航运需求近几周已有所反弹。

China appears to be further ahead in the cycle than others when it comes to the decline and recovery of domestic operations. While international service to China is still in the doldrums, Chinese domestic capacity has rebounded somewhat in recent weeks.

当然，国内航运方面客座率增加并不是说满座，而且对大多数航空公司来说，载客率明显下降。但中国的抗疫经验是一个很受欢迎的信号，国内市场的航运能力和需求应该会比国际航运恢复得更快。这将给那些在疫情爆发前拥有强大国内航运网络的航空公司带来希望。但那些依赖国际航运客流的航空公司则需要等待跨境航运限令的解除。

Of course, flying more domestic seats does not mean they are full, and load factors are down significantly for most carriers. But the experience in China is a welcome sign that domestic capacity—and demand—should return faster than international traffic. This will give hope to the airlines that had strong domestic networks before the pandemic struck. However, the carriers relying on international connecting traffic will have to wait for cross-border restrictions to ease.

这条消息是Adrian Schofield在Aviation Week & Space Technology发表文章的摘要。 欲了解关于澳洲航空、越南航空和新西兰航空等其他航空公司详细信息的订阅用户，请阅读全文。