全球高超声速武器项目加速 | International Hypersonic Strike Weapons Projects Accelerate

在俄罗斯和中国部署了新一代高超声速武器装备之后，国际上对进攻性高超声速武器系统的兴趣日益增长，法国，印度，日本和英国也都在寻求发展超声速打击能力。

There is growing international interest in the development of offensive hypersonic weapon systems, particularly following the deployment by Russia and China of nascent hypersonic strike capabilities. France, India, Japan and the UK all are seeking to develop a hypersonic strike capability too.

除了俄罗斯的“先锋”高超声速滑翔飞行器（HGV）、“匕首”（Kinzhal）空射弹道导弹（ALBM）以及中国的DF-17 HGV以外，两国都在开发其他超声速武器系统。例如，俄罗斯正在研究“锆石”高超声速巡航导弹（HCM）和相关技术，而中国正在广泛研究技术基础和基础设施，以用于高超声速系统的开发和生产，这些高超声速系统据信可以用于军事、商业和航天应用等。

Beyond Russia’s Avangard hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) and Kinzhal air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM), and China’s DF-17 HGV, both nations are developing additional hypersonic weapon systems. Russia, for example, is working on the Zircon hypersonic cruise missile (HCM) and related technologies, while China is developing an expansive technological base and infrastructure for the development and production of hypersonic systems for military, commercial and space applications.

鉴于开发高超声速武器固有的技术挑战和成本，特别是在推进、机身设计、制导和热管理等领域，那么此类武器在作战中将发挥何种作作？实际上，高超声速武器的速度、机动性和飞行特性使其难以检测、跟踪和拦截，从而减少了有效预警时间和拦截窗口。

Given the technical challenges and cost inherent in developing hypersonic weapons, particularly in areas such as propulsion, airframe design, guidance and thermal management, what roles will such weapons undertake? The speed, maneuverability and flight characteristics of hypersonic weapons makes them challenging to detect, track and intercept, reducing the warning time available and window for interception.

因此，高超声速武器为打击时敏性目标、可移动/可重定位的目标，以及突防能力提供了优势，海上打击也是俄罗斯、中国和日本所研发或部署的高超声速导弹的关键预期作用。在常规的精确打击角色中，高超声速武器需要一套强大的辅助情报、监视、目标获取和侦察能力，特别是对可移动/可重定位目标的打击。

Hypersonic weapons thus provide advantages for the prosecution of time-critical targets, mobile or relocatable targets or in the face of adversary missile defense capabilities. Maritime strike is also a key projected role for hypersonic missiles under development or being deployed by Russia, China and Japan. In the conventional precision-strike role, hypersonic weapons will require a robust set of supporting intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance capabilities, in particular for the prosecution of mobile/relocatable targets.

法国正在开发其第四代空射核导弹ASN4G，它将由超燃冲压发动机提供动力，并将于2030年代中期投入使用，以取代目前的ASMP-A。它还在开发HGV演示飞行器V-MaX （Vehicule Manoeuvrant Experiment），该飞行器将于2021年底前首次飞行。印度同样在寻求两个高超声速武器项目，即布拉莫斯-2，由俄印联合开发，以及另一个HCM项目。 布拉莫斯-2旨在成为一款HCM，能够以5~7倍声速巡航。印度开发了一款由超燃冲压发动机驱动的超声速技术演示飞行器（HSTDV），以支持HCM类型飞行器的开发，但由于“烈火”-1火箭（HSTDV的发射平台）的技术问题，试飞于2019年6月失败了。

France is developing its fourth-generation air-launched nuclear missile, the ASN4G, which will be scramjet-powered and is due to enter service in the mid-2030s, replacing the current ASMP-A. It is also developing an HGV demonstrator, the “Vehicule Manoeuvrant Experimental,” or V-MaX, which is due to make its first flight before the end of 2021. India is similarly pursuing two hypersonic weapon projects, the BrahMos-2, developed by the BrahMos joint venture between India and Russia, and another HCM project. The BrahMos-2 is intended to be an HCM capable of speeds of Mach 5-7; HCM development is supported by the scramjet-powered Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV). An attempted test flight in June 2019 failed due to a technical problem with the Agni-1, serving as the launch platform for the HSTDV.

日本已经推出了两种高超声速武器系统的研究计划。超声速滑翔弹（HVGP）和超声速巡航导弹。日本在中期防御计划（2019-2023财政年度）中概述了计划，包括通过建立HVGP部队、加强对“西南地区偏远岛屿”的防御等。HVGP旨在成为一种战术HGV，能够提供穿透性的战斗部以瞄准高防护目标如航空母舰等，或提供“高密度EFP”（爆炸自锻成型）战斗部以“控制一片区域”。

Japan has outlined plans for two hypersonic weapon systems; the Hyper-Velocity Gliding Projectile (HVGP) and a Hypersonic Cruising Missile. Japan outlined in its Midterm Defense Program (fiscal 2019-23) plans to strengthen the defense of “remote islands in the southwest region,” including through the establishment of HVGP units. The HVGP is intended to be a tactical HGV, capable of delivering a penetrating warhead for targeting, for example, aircraft carriers, or a “high-density EFP” (explosively formed penetrator) warhead for “area suppression.”

初始型号将在2024-28年间部署，并在2030年代之后进行改进。日本的HCM将是由超燃冲压发动机提供动力的导弹，其弹头与HVGP相同，旨在提供威慑能力，以对付“企图入侵日本的舰艇和登陆部队”。HCM将在2020年代末或2030年代初部署，并在2030年代后期部署改进版本。

An initial variant will be deployed in the 2024-28 time frame with an improved variant following in the 2030s. The Japanese HCM will be a scramjet-powered missile, armed with the same warheads as the HVGP, and intended to provide a standoff capability to counter “ships and landing forces attempting to invade Japan.” The HCM will be deployed in the late 2020s/early 2030s, with an improved variant following later in the 2030s.

英国正在探索发展高超声速打击能力的选择，包括可能与法国联合进行的未来巡航/反舰武器项目，以取代“风暴之影”/ SCALP巡航导弹，以及从2030年代以后替代“飞鱼”和“鱼叉”反舰导弹。2019年7月，时任空军参谋长的Simon Rochelle空军少将宣布，英国寻求在2023年之前部署价格可承受的空射高超声速武器。

The UK is exploring options for the development of a hypersonic strike capability, including potentially as part of the joint Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon project with France to replace the Storm Shadow/SCALP standoff cruise missile and the anti-ship Exocet and Harpoon from 2030. In July 2019, Air Vice Marshal Simon Rochelle, then chief of staff capability, announced that the UK sought to deploy an affordable, air-launched hypersonic weapon by 2023.

此外，正如《Aviation Week Network - 航空周刊》所披露的那样，美国空军研究实验室（AFRL）和英国国防科学与技术实验室（DSTL）之间正在进行美英联合开发的“长尾鲨”（Thresher，战术高速、快速反应和高效反击）导弹，它将于2022或2023年完成。

Moreover, as Aviation Week disclosed, a joint U.S.-UK study, Thresher (Tactical High-Speed, Responsive and Highly Efficient Round), is underway between the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory and UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory. It is due to be completed in 2022 or 2023.

除了英国打算在2023年前获得高超声速导弹以外，大多数已知的武器系统计划都不太可能在2020或2030年代下半年交付。但在此期间，俄罗斯和中国的高超声速打击能力可能会大大扩展。

With the notable exception of the UK’s intention to rapidly acquire a hypersonic missile by 2023, the majority of known programs are not likely to deliver weapon systems until the second half of the 2020s or 2030s. This period is also likely to see a significant expansion in Russian and Chinese hypersonic strike capabilities.

在2017年12月首次部署“匕首”导弹和2019年12月首次部署“先锋”HGV系统之后，俄罗斯拥有新型高超声速打击能力。普京总统于2018年3月1日在国情咨文中宣布了这两款导弹的列装，这反映了俄罗斯为开发高超声速武器所做的长期努力，特别是对美国导弹防御工作的回应。

Russia possesses a nascent hypersonic strike capability following the initial deployment in December 2017 of the Kinzhal ALBM and in December 2019 of the Avangard HGV system. The Kinzhal and Avangard were both announced by President Vladimir Putin in his state of the nation address on March 1, 2018, and reflect Russia’s long-term efforts to develop hypersonic weapons, particularly as a response to U.S. missile defense efforts.

“先锋”HGV的开发可以追溯到1980年代后期开始的“信天翁”计划，这是苏联对美国战略防御计划的回应之一。当时该计划在苏联解体后被搁置，但普京在2000年上台后不久恢复了该项目，并在2001-11年进行了一系列试飞。该项目最终发展成为“先锋”HGV飞行器。

Although seeming to catch the U.S. public by surprise, the development of the Avangard can be traced back to the Albatross project started in the late 1980s as part of the Soviet response to the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative. NPO Mashinostroyeniya performed several tests of the Yu-70 prototype in 1990-92, until the program was put on hiatus amid the dissolution of the Soviet Union, says Markus Schiller, founder of ST Analytics and a Germany-based consultant on hypersonic technology. The Yu-70 project was revived shortly after Putin assumed power in 2000, leading to a series of test flights in 2001-11. The Avangard HGV is based on an improved version known as the Yu-71, which performed a series of tests in 2013-18, Schiller says.

高超声速武器也反映出俄罗斯对发展先进常规远程精确打击能力的兴趣，这是其军事现代化努力的一部分。它正在开发和部署核武器和常规武装的高超声速武器，包括承担战术和战略作用的双功能系统。

The development of hypersonic weapons also reflects Russia’s interest in developing a robust conventional long-range precision-strike capability as part of its wider military modernization efforts. It is developing and deploying both nuclear and conventionally armed hypersonic weapons, including dual-capable systems, to undertake tactical and strategic roles.

除“先锋”和“匕首”外，俄军至少还有另外三个开发计划：锆石、GZUR和装备苏-57的一款空射导弹。 “先锋”HGV可作为洲际弹道导弹的弹头战斗部，最初装备的是UR-100N（SS-19的现代化版本）导弹，并可能装备发展中的RS-28萨尔玛特弹道导弹。据报道，“先锋”能够达到超过20马赫的速度执行洲际打击，可以进行横向和纵向机动以突破防御。尽管主要目的是作为核威慑力量，但据报道“先锋”也可以用作常规武器使用。

In addition to the Avangard and Kinzhal, at least three more development programs are underway: the Zircon, GZUR (deriving from the Russian for “hypersonic guided missile”) and an air-launched weapon to arm the Sukhoi Su-57 Felon. The Avangard is an ICBM-launched HGV, initially equipping the UR-100N, a modernized version of the SS-19, and might equip the developmental SS-X-29 Sarmat (Satan 2). The Avangard is reportedly capable of attaining speeds in excess of Mach 20, can maneuver laterally and in altitude, and can travel intercontinental distances.

“匕首”是伊斯坎德尔-M战术弹道导弹的空射衍生型号，射程为2000千米，速度可达10马赫。它可以装备于米格-31K截击机上面，也可能与其他飞机集成，包括图-22M3“逆火”等。

Although principally intended as a nuclear system, the Avangard can reportedly also be used in the conventional strike role. The Kinzhal is a dual-capable, air-launched derivative of the Iskander-M tactical ballistic missile, with a range of 2,000 km (1,250 mi.) and a speed of Mach 10. It is being deployed with a modified variant of the Mikoyan MiG-31, the MiG-31K, and may be integrated with other aircraft, including reportedly the Tupolev Tu-22M3 Backfire.

俄罗斯还正在开发由超燃冲压发动机驱动的高超音速巡航导弹3K22“锆石”，其速度可达到9马赫，射程超过1000千米，可在对地攻击和反舰任务中发挥作用。“锆石”将与能够发射“宝石”超声速导弹的现有发射器兼容。“锆石”于2020年2月成功从22350型护卫舰“戈尔什科夫海军上将”号发射升空。该弹将于2022年开始服役，而在《中导条约》失效之后，普京宣布开发从地面发射的“锆石”改进型。

Russia is also developing a scramjet-powered HCM, the 3K22 Zircon, which will be capable of speeds up to Mach 9, have a range in excess of 1,000 km, and operate in the land attack and anti-ship roles. The Zircon will be compatible with existing launchers capable of launching the Oniks supersonic cruise missile, such as the UKSK vertical launch system. It is due to enter service in 2022. A Zircon was successfully test-fired from the new frigate Admiral Gorshkov in February 2020.

GZUR是一种空射导弹，速度为6马赫，射程1500千米，适合装在图-95MS轰炸机的弹舱内。它可能会在2020年代初投入使用。对此，俄罗斯媒体在5月的报道中指出，俄军已经从一架图-22M3上面发射高超声速导弹进行试验，该导弹旨在装备现代化的图-22M3M。而另一款用于苏-57战斗机的高超声速导弹正在研发中。

Following the collapse of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, Putin announced the development of a ground-launched Zircon variant. The GZUR is reported to be an air-launched missile capable of a speed of Mach 6, a range of 1,500 km and sized to fit within the bomb bay of a Tupolev Tu-95MS Bear. It may enter service in the early 2020s. In this regard, Russian media reports in May noted the testing of a new hypersonic missile from a Tu-22M3  that is intended to arm the modernized Tu-22M3M. Another hypersonic missile is reported to be under development and intended to equip the Su-57.

迄今为止，中国仅有一种高超声速武器被确认，即东风-17。中国对高超声速武器的追求是为突破美国导弹防御系统，并为获得强大的精确打击能力的要求所驱使的，这是中国增强军事努力的一部分。东风-17是中程常规弹道导弹（可能衍生自东风-16），配备HGV型弹头，射程为1800~2500千米。当它于10月1日在中国国庆阅兵上首次亮相时，其介绍为“对中、近距离目标进行精确打击”。

China has thus far only confirmed one hypersonic weapon, the DF-17. Its pursuit of hypersonic weapons is driven by the requirements to counter U.S. missile defenses and acquire a robust precision-strike capability as part of its wider efforts to develop “world-class” armed forces. The DF-17 is a conventionally armed medium-range ballistic missile (potentially derived from the DF-16), equipped with an HGV, with a range of 1,800-2,500 km. When it debuted at China’s National Day Parade on Oct. 1, it was announced as being intended for “precision strikes against medium- and close-range targets.”

在今年3月美国众议院军事委员会的证词中，美国空军官员表示中国正在试验有洲际能力的HGV飞行器，该飞行器可能基于东风-41开发。美国空军官员的证词似乎与之前美国空军情报部门在2014年的公开的一段讲话相呼应，当时的讲话把中国的HGV开发计划与核武库计划联系在一起。

In testimony before the U.S. House Armed Services Committee this March, U.S. Air Force Gen. Terrence O’Shaughnessy, commander of U.S. Northern Command and the North American Aerospace Defense Command, stated that China is testing an intercontinental HGV. It is likely that the DF-41, China’s new ICBM that also debuted at the October 2019 National Day Parade, would be armed with the new HGV. O’Shaughnessy’s testimony appeared to echo public statements in 2014 by Lee Fuell, who was then in Air Force intelligence and linked China’s HGV development program to plans for that country’s nuclear arsenal.

中国正在开发HCM所需的技术。例如，2018年5月，超燃冲压发动机验证机“凌云1号”在北京首次公开亮相，而2018年8月，中国成功地测试了超声速乘波体飞行器“星空2号”，其速度达到了6马赫。值得注意的是，在2019年4月，厦门大学成功发射了采用“双波系”配置的“嘉庚1号”飞行器。此外，中国也对开发空射高超声速打击能力有兴趣，据信中国也在发展两款空射高超声速导弹，这将为中国提供空中高超声速能力。

China is developing the technologies required for HCMs. For example, in May 2018, a scramjet test vehicle, the Lingyun-1, was publicly exhibited for the first time in Beijing, while in August 2018 China successfully tested a hypersonic waverider test vehicle, the XingKong-2, which attained a speed of Mach 6. Notably, in April 2019, Xiamen University successfully flew the Jiageng-1 test vehicle, which employed a “double waverider” configuration. Interest in developing an air-launched hypersonic strike capability has also been noted. China is also believed to be developing two ALBMs, which would provide China with a near-term air-launched hypersonic strike capability.

值得一提的是，新的长剑100巡航导弹也在中国2019年国庆阅兵中首次亮相。该武器除了具有“远程、高精度和快速响应能力”的说法外，其他技术指标尚未发布。《南华早报》援引某中国出版物的说法，长剑100的巡航速度为4马赫，最高速度为4.5马赫，并补充说它采用火箭助推器和冲压发动机的两级配置。虽然上述说法未经证实，但鉴于中国在高超声速技术方面取得的进展，不能排除长剑100是高声速巡航导弹的可能性。

The new CJ-100, which also debuted at China’s 2019 National Day Parade, warrants mention. Aside from the statement that the weapon offers “long range, high precision and quick responsiveness,” no technical information on the CJ-100 has been officially released. The South China Morning Post, citing the Chinese publication Naval and Merchant Ships, suggests the CJ-100 has a cruising speed of Mach 4 and top speed of Mach 4.5, adding that it employs a two-stage configuration utilizing a rocket booster and ramjets. Given China’s progress in developing hypersonic technologies, the possibility that the CJ-100 is a hypersonic cruise missile cannot be dismissed.

例如据报道中国本土的涡轮基联合循环发动机（TBCC）已经在2019年以前完成其设计，进入了飞行集成测试阶段，这进一步表明了中国在超声速技术发展方面的进展。

In a further indication of China’s progress in the development of hypersonic technologies, in January 2019 it was reported that an indigenous Turbine-Based Combined-Cycle engine had completed its design and development phase and was proceeding to the aircraft integration test phase.

这条消息是James Bosbotinis在 Aviation Week & Space Technology 发表的文章。您可以点击此处查看更多关于高超音速的文章。